Distributed Problem Solving and Planning
نویسنده
چکیده
m e a n i n g t h a t e a c h d i s t r i b u t e d s u b p r o b l e m i s s o l v a b l e i n d e p e n d e n t l y a n d t h e s o l u t i o n o f o n e d o e s n o t a f f e c t t h e s o l u t i o n o f o t h e r s . W e w i l l c o n s i d e r t h e e f f e c t s o f r e l a x i n g t h i s a s s u m p t i o n i n S e c t i o n 3 . 3 . 4 . 2 . T h e s o l u t i o n f o u n d h i e r a r c h i c a l l y a p p r o x i m a t e s ( i s l i n e a r i n l e n g t h t o ) t h e s o l u t i o n t h a t w o u l d b e f o u n d u s i n g b r u t e f o r c e c e n t r a l i z e d s e a r c h . T h i s d e p e n d s o n h a v i n g h i e r a r c h i c a l a b s t r a c t i o n s p a c e s t h a t d o n o t e x c l u d e g o o d s o l u t i o n s a s a c o n s e q u e n c e o f r e d u c i n g c o m p l e x i t y . 3 . T h e n u m b e r o f a b s t r a c t i o n l e v e l s g r o w s w i t h t h e p r o b l e m s i z e . W h i l e d o i n g t h i s i s e a s y f o r T o H , o f t e n t h e n u m b e r o f l e v e l s i s f i x e d b y t h e d o m a i n r a t h e r t h a n t h e s p e c i f i c p r o b l e m i n s t a n c e . 4 . T h e r a t i o b e t w e e n l e v e l s i s t h e b a s e o f t h e l o g a r i t h m , k . A g a i n , t h i s d e p e n d s o n h o w t h e a b s t r a c t i o n s p a c e i s c o n s t r u c t e d . 5 . T h e p r o b l e m s c a n b e d e c o m p o s e d i n t o e q u a l s i z e d s u b p r o b l e m s . T h i s i s v e r y d i f f i c u l t i n d o m a i n s w h e r e p r o b l e m s a r e d e c o m p o s e d i n t o q u a l i t a t i v e l y d i f f e r e n t p i e c e s , r e q u i r i n g d i f f e r e n t e x p e r t i s e . W e c o n s i d e r t h e e f f e c t s o f r e l a x i n g t h i s a s s u m p t i o n i n S e c t i o n 3 . 3 . 2 . 6 . T h e r e a r e a t l e a s t a s m a n y a g e n t s a s t h e r e a r e “ l e a f ” s u b p r o b l e m s . C l e a r l y , t h i s w i l l b e d i f f i c u l t t o s c a l e ! 7 . T h e p r o c e s s e s o f d e c o m p o s i n g p r o b l e m s , d i s t r i b u t i n g s u b p r o b l e m s , a n d c o l l e c t i n g r e s u l t s t a k e s n e g l i g i b l e t i m e . W e c o n s i d e r s o m e o f t h e e f f e c t s o f r e l a x i n g t h i s a s s u m p t i o n a t v a r i o u s p l a c e s i n t h i s c h a p t e r . 3 . 3 . 2 T a s k S h a r i n g i n H e t e r o g e n e o u s S y s t e m s O n e o f t h e p o w e r f u l m o t i v a t i o n s f o r d i s t r i b u t e d p r o b l e m s o l v i n g i s t h a t i t i s d i f f i c u l t t o b u i l d a r t i f a c t s ( o r t r a i n h u m a n s ) t o b e c o m p e t e n t i n e v e r y p o s s i b l e t a s k . M o r e o v e r , e v e n i f i t f e a s i b l e t o b u i l d ( o r t r a i n ) a n o m n i c a p a b l e a g e n t , i t i s o f t e n o v e r k i l l b e c a u s e , a t a n y g i v e n t i m e , m o s t o f t h o s e c a p a b i l i t i e s w i l l g o t o w a s t e . T h e s t r a t e g y i n h u m a n s y s t e m s , a n d a d o p t e d i n m a n y d i s t r i b u t e d p r o b l e m s o l v i n g s y s t e m s , i s t o b r i n g t o g e t h e r o n d e m a n d c o m b i n a t i o n s o f s p e c i a l i s t s i n d i f f e r e n t a r e a s t o c o m b i n e t h e i r e x p e r t i s e t o s o l v e p r o b l e m s t h a t a r e b e y o n d t h e i r i n d i v i d u a l c a p a b i l i t i e s . I n t h e T o H e x a m p l e , t h e s u b p r o b l e m s r e q u i r e d i d e n t i c a l c a p a b i l i t i e s , a n d s o t h e d e c i s i o n s a b o u t w h e r e t o s e n d t a s k s w a s e x t r e m e l y s i m p l e . W h e n a g e n t s c a n h a v e d i f f e r e n t c a p a b i l i t i e s , a n d d i f f e r e n t s u b p r o b l e m s r e q u i r e d i f f e r e n t c a p a b i l i t i e s , t h e n t h e a s s i g n m e n t o f s u b p r o b l e m s t o a g e n t s i s n o t s o s i m p l e . C o n c e p t u a l l y , i t i s p o s s i b l e f o r a n a g e n t t o h a v e a t a b l e t h a t i d e n t i f i e s t h e c a p a b i l i t i e s a g e n t s , s o t h a t i t c a n s i m p l y s e l e c t a n a p p r o p r i a t e a g e n t a n d s e n d t h e s u b p r o b l e m o f f , b u t u s u a l l y t h e d e c i s i o n s n e e d t o b e b a s e d o n m o r e d y n a m i c i n f o r m a t i o n . F o r e x a m p l e , i f s e v e r a l c a n d i d a t e a g e n t s a r e c a p a b l e o f s o l v i n g a s u b p r o b l e m , b u t s o m e a r e a l r e a d y c o m m i t t e d t o o t h e r s u b p r o b l e m s , h o w i s t h i s d i s c o v e r e d ? O n e w a y i s t o u s e t h e C o n t r a c t N e t p r o t o c o l ( C h a p t e r 2 ) w i t h d i r e c t e d c o n t r a c t s o r f o c u s e d a d d r e s s i n g : t h e a g e n t ( i n C o n t r a c t N e t t e r m s , t h e
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